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------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/pres.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0001.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Proximal Mentoring
Dissertation Defense
Ms Gunn
November 14, 2008
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Introduction
•5= 0% non-completion in doctoral programs
–D= orn & Papalewis, 1997
•A= dmissions to doctoral programs growing
•S= upport by faculty for students
–Hagar, 2003; Bean, Readence, Barone, & Sylvest= er, 2004; Palincsar & Brown, 1998
•S= upport by students for students
–T= utoring
–S= ocial Peer Mentoring
•D= orn & Papalewis, 1997
–A= pprenticeship
•L= egitimate Peripheral Participation - Lave & Wenger, 1991
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Teaching Model
Teacher
Student
Tutor
The term Tutor is operationally defined as “the <= span style=3D'font-size:156%'>process by which a competent pupil, with <= /span>= minimal training and with a teacher’s guida= nce, = helps one or more students . . . learn a <= /span>= particular skill or concept” (Thomas, 1993, p. 1).
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Tutoring Outcomes in the Literature<= /div>
&= #8226;Tutoring Meta-analyses
= –Topping, 1995
= –Kalkowski, 1995
&= #8211;Magin & Churches, 1995
= –Townsend & Mohr, 2002
&= #8226;Peer Tutoring
= –Brenno & Teaff, 1997
= –Greenwood, 2001
–Gut, Farmer, Bishop-Goforth, Hives, Aaron, & Jackson, 2004
= –Thrope & Wood, 2000
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Mentoring Model
Mentor
Mentee
The term Mentor is operationally defined as a <= span style=3D'font-size:156%'>person with many years of experience within <= span style=3D'font-size:156%'>a discipline who can guide, counsel, and sponsor the mentee (Milner & Bossers, 2004) or novice in learning the ropes (Hagar, 2003) of the <= /span><= span style=3D'font-size:156%'>profession.
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Mentoring Outcomes in the Literatur= e
•Barton-Atwood, Jolivette, & Massey, 2000 <= /span>
•<= /span>Bean, Readence, Barone, & Sylvester, 2004 =
•<= /span>Boreen & Niday, 2000
•<= /span>Carrington, 2004
•<= /span>Chan, 2000
•<= /span>Diamond & Mullen, 1996
•<= /span>D’Souza, Miller, & Barnatt, 2005
•<= /span>Dopp & Block, 2004
•<= /span>Edwards & Gordon, 2006
•<= /span>Grove, Strudler, & Odell, 2004
•<= /span>Hagar, 2003
•<= /span>Kram & Isabella, 1985
•<= /span>Milner & Bossers, 2004
•<= /span>Mtetwa & Kwari, 2003
•<= /span>Mullen, 2006
•<= /span>Mullen, Whatley, & Kealy, 1999
•<= /span>Murray, 1999
•<= /span>Pullins & Fine, 2002
•<= /span>Pyatt, 2002
= •Rymer, 2002
•= Shank, 2005
•= Spouse, 2001
= •Treston, 1999
= •Wang & Odell, 2003
•Wang, Strong, & Odell, 2004 =
= •Young & Cates, 2004
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Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0092.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Reports of Mentor Benefits
•<= /span>The current mentoring paradigm relies on self-report to elucidate the benefits of mentoring to <= /span>the mentor.
•<= /span>Mentors may be receiving benefits from the = mentoring process that they do not acknowledge or perceive.
•<= /span>It may be that the mentor is so focused on the = success of the mentee, any benefits to themselves are over (or under) looked =
–<= /span>Pullins & Fine, 2002
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Prox= imal Mentor
Missing Link?
Mentor
Mentee
Teacher
Student
Tutor
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UbXjlVDHpvOSVE52z6rVwMRKLcSr19bdarLf8qp7RpvXFbXLzY4v4DW6vGy/Ue/s/G/Pd0W25hf4 NihXaDii6AW42NJIiAgZIplIWQmVqdnw2ClxqSl6Rwpq+oUKqvC5qLrqydknCyvyCkZbS9JqdatL wXvk+7t58jRMnIEWc2icLCjEjJT73BQl9oFcjZNkS70NTaoNrvc9Z06Op4ienhoclNLeGZ+NvVoA ADs= ------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0093.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Proximal Mentor (PM)
•<= /span>A Proximal Mentor (PM) would be someone <= span style=3D'font-size:94%'>who is slightly more advanced, or knowledgeable, than the novice learner and = who is vested in the novice’s learning needs.
•<= /span>A PM is not a peer in the traditional sense. =
•<= /span>A PM can be older, younger, or the same age as the novice learner.
•<= /span>A PM can hold the same job title or position as the novice learner.
•<= /span>What separates the PM from the novice learner is recent knowledge or experience in = the discipline.
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Purpose
•Investigate adding t= he construct of Proximal Mentoring as a unique way for <= /span>students to develop continuing expertise while providing an additio= nal level of support to the educational process based on Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (1978, 1987).<= /span>
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Goal
•Obtain the perceptio= ns of Proximal Mentoring from all the participants in order to clarify and define the role= of the Proximal Mentor.
------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0002.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Research Questions
1.What are the perceptions of the course professor regarding the role of the proximal mentor?
2.What are the perceptions of the mentees regarding the role of the proximal mentor?
3.How do the mentors come to negotiate, define, and express the proximal mentoring role?
4.What outcomes will be obtained by the proximal mentors after having participated in proximal mentoring?
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Theoretical Framework
= 226;Vygotsky’s Theory of Learning and Development (Vygotsky, 1962, 1978, 1987)
&= #8211;Two central ideas:
&#= 8226;Reciprocal relationship of thinking and speech
•Internalization of higher psychological functio= ns (social to intrapsychological)
&= #8211;Development is
&#= 8226;“progressive unfolding of meaning inherent in language through the interaction of speech and thought” (Bruner, 1987, p. 11= )
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Vygotsky’s Developmental Levels
&#= 8226;Actual Developmental Level (ADL)
&= #8211;Mental development retrospectively <= /div>
&= #8226;What the learner can do independently
&= #8226;Determined after the learning takes place
&#= 8226;Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
&= #8211;Mental development prospectively
&#= 8226;Functions that have not yet matured but are in the process of maturing <= /span>
&= #8226;What the learner can do with assistance
&#= 8226;Process is recursive and progressive
•
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Learning is Social
•In order to examine learning, Vygotsky (1962) reflected on the social aspect of education:
= 211;Language is the common denominator in all social interactions. = ;
–Without language (a symbol system of some sort) active, conscious, self-directed learning could not happen.
•Understand= ing the relationship between language in use and thinking is crucial for understanding higher mental functions.
------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0036.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Extending the ZPD to Adult Ed
&= #8226;ZPD in adult learning
–Instruction becomes a collaborative mentoring process
&= #8226;Collaboration
&= #8226;Instruction
&= #8226;Dialogic discourse
Idealized* ZPD
*Situated in context.
More research is necessary to determine the actualit= y of the ZPD
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charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Design
&#= 8226;Qualitative Cross-Case Study
= 211;Case 1 – 2nd semester doc students / EPY Master’s students
–Case 2 – 2nd & 3rd=  year doc students / 1st=  semester doc students =
&#= 8226;Why Case Study?
= 211;Proximal Mentoring is an educational innovation that could “affect = and perhaps even improve” educational practices (Merriam, 1998, p. 41)
------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0096.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Structural Differences
= Novice Doctoral Students
= Master’s students
= Level of mentees
= Seminar
= Lecture
= Nature of Course
= 3-5 Empirical articles per week plus 1 page = critique on each article =
= Read 1 chapter per class = meeting
= Content
= Final culminating paper
3 tests of multiple choice = and short answer essay
1 group presentation
= Assessments
= 14 weeks
8 weeks
= Time with PMs
= 2nd=  time PMs
= 1st=  time PMs
= PM Experience
= Case 2
= Case 1
= Differences
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Participants
2 third-year (PMs in the pilot study) and 1 second-year (stud= ent-mentee in the pilot study) doctoral students
3 Second-semester doctor= al students (two of whom w= ere students in the pilot = study)
18 first-semester Doctoral Students
17 Master’s Students
1 Pro= fessor
1 Prof= essor
Doctoral History & Philo= sophy of Educational Psych= ology Course
Master’s Adolescent Development Cours= e
Fall 2006
Spring 2006
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Data Collection
1
Focus Group
14
12
Online Discussion Questions
1
5
Interviews
2
3
Classroom Observations
2
2
Pre- and Post-survey
1
3
Mentor-only meetings
1
4
Meet with professor
Fall
Spring
Type
Frequency
Data Collection
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Data Analysis & Display
= 226;Conventional taxonomy and tabular formats were used (Spradley, 1980; Mi= les & Huberman, 1994)
&= #8211;Domain analysis – the search for patterns
&= #8226;Semantic relationships are identified
&= #8211;Taxonomic – categorization
&= #8226;Organize the data by central themes
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Trustworthiness
&#= 8226;Trustworthiness (issues of validity/verification) = 3;
–(= Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002) <= /div>
•= Credibility (internal validity)
–= Triangulation
–= Prolonged engagement
•= Transferability (external validity)
–= Rich, thick description
•= Dependability (reliability)
–= Audit review of data
•= Confirmability (objectivity)
–= Constant comparative
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Procedure
•I= ntroductory interview with professor & PMs
•I= ntroduction to students in course
–C= ollect pre-survey info
–D= ivide students into PM groups
•S= tratified random sampling
•W= eekly PM online discussion questions
•O= bserve:
–C= lasses, groups, PM meetings, PM meetings with professor
•C= oncluding post-survey info
•F= ocus Group (spring PMs and pilot study PMs)
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Common - Fall Professor
•Common: Achievement for all involved
&#= 8226;Fall Professor
–Good papers were “as good as I have ever gotten” <= /div>
= 211;More students could be classified as “doing well” in the course even though “I don’t think they were, on the whole, any smarter”
&= #8211;There were “fewer horrible papers”
&= #8226;Lack of understanding not the issue
&= #8226;Students admitted to not doing the reading
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Common - Spring Professor
•Spring Professor <= /span>
–On student tests from previous classes:
•“I can actually remember thinking: ‘They are not taking this seriously.’ or ‘maybe they are in a rush and they are just kind of sketchy responses’.”
–On student tests with PMs:
•“These were very well expressed and thorough. I guess that is just a good descriptor, they were so thorough. That became more the exception. This time it was the rule that it was thorough.”
•“The evidence th= at they had planned, organized their responses, supported their examples, made very strong arguments -- so I was really pleased”
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Cross-Case - Professor
•Divergent: Enrichment&= #13;
–Personal (spring) =
–Research (fall)
•Divergent: Role
–Extension (spring) = ;
–Partnership (fall)
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Cross-Case - Student
•Common:
–Role of tutor
–Perceptions of graduate program
–Variability of individ= ual responses
•Class format, working = in groups, choice in PM
•Divergent:
–Research study (Spring)
–Perceptions of knowled= ge (Fall)
–Fear PMs will replace professor (Fall)
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Cross-Case – PM Negotiation
•Occurred in first 10 minutes of PM meeting
–Spring negotiated PM meeting time
–Fall negotiated for suspending PM meetings
–Both groups agreed to = do weekly online questionnaire
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Cross-Case – PM Definition
•PMs in both cases defi= ned
–a peer as an equal; &#= 13;
–a mentor as one who has additional experience, wisdom, or knowledge who guides you through.
•They defined a tutor as one who teaches specific content.
•As with the student mentees, the PMs did NOT see their role as a tutor.
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Cross-Case – PM Expression
•Common
–Lead, Advise, Respond&= #13;
•Divergent <= /div>
–Contact & Research (Fall)
–Depth of involvement (Fall)
–Outside-of-class conta= ct (Fall)
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Cross-Case – PM Reward
•Common
–Groups
–Learning
•Divergent <= /div>
–Depth of Experience= 3;
•Answer lecture questio= ns (Spring)
•Theoretical stance (Fall)
•Interaction with stude= nt mentees outside of class (Fall)
•Involvement in research projects (Fall)
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Summary Statement
•This research introd= uced the construct of Proximal Mentoring within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) as an opportunity for the PMs to re-experi= ence course materials at a more in-depth level while providing mentoring guidance and assistance to novice stude= nts in the course.
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NOT Tutoring
•Role of PM NOT seen as tutoring by any of the participants •Role of PM seen as N= OT QUITE mentoring in the traditional sense
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PMs in the ZPD
•Spring –role w= as more teacher acting as a more experienced other within the ZPD= of their student mentees •Fall –role was more mentor providing program guidance, advice, and collaboration for the student-mentee acting as a more experienced other within the ZPD of their student mentees.
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Mentoring Continuum
•Research into mentor= ing as a continuum to extend the Mentor – Mentee qualifications and relationships
3D"Text
Distal Mentor
3D"Text
Mentee
3D"Text
PhD to PhD
3D"Text
PhD to Master’s
Experience
More
Less
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Future Research - Professor
•Professor’s role = in implementation of PMs
–Insight into differenc= es between teaching and mentoring
•<= /span>Both professor saw their role with the PMs as = teachers
•<= /span>Neither professor saw their role with the PMs = as mentoring
–Reflection of professo= r on their role as mentor vs teacher
•Would a professor shif= ting from teaching role to more a role of mentor help to reduce non-completion rate of future doc students?
–<= /span>
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Future Research - Students
•Is there a relations= hip between a person’s view of knowledge and their ability = to accept peer assistance in learning? •Would an explanation= of PM role change perceptions of expertise level of PM? •Will stud= ents who received PM assistance complete doctoral studies at a rate better than the nationwide 50%?
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Future Research – PM Construct
•What is the impact of prior knowledge on the PMs ability to act independently within the course?
•What is the most productive way of gaining the acceptance of students for the addition of PMs?
•What is the impact of future implementations of the Proximal Mentoring construct if all parties understand the role of the PM in the classroo= m?
------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0072.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Future Research – PM Rewards
•Study of the long-term benefits for PMs as well as for students who were Pro= ximal Mentored to include investigation of:
–completion of programs= of study
–increased knowledge of= the subject matter
–increased ability to interact in collegial and collaborative ways
–long-term relationships with the student-mentees and the professors
------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0023.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
Potential Significance
&#= 8226;Levels, grades, and/or years
&#= 8226;New teachers
R= 26;As another step in the transformation of novices to experts
= 226;Ability of doctoral programs reduce the rate of non-completion = ;
–
------=_NextPart_01C94691.17EC8AB0 Content-Location: file:///C:/A557E902/GunnDefensePPT2008-11-14-Web_files/slide0076.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Proximal Mentoring
PM Model
•Selection of
–Professor <= /div>
–Course
–PMs
•PM Course <= /div>
–Evaluation
–Homework <= /div>
–Scoring
•Communication
–Liaison
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